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Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

  • 1.  Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 02-24-2025 11:16 AM

    Hi folks,

    We are gearing up for Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition just in time to get you up to speed on the latest and greatest info on ALL THINGS KITTEN!

    My session begins at 1 pm ET on March 4th talking about how kitten-centered medical protocols can support upscaled kitten lifesaving programs to meet community needs. In this session, we'll cover:

    Kittens are exceptionally vulnerable in the first months of life. Many kittens born outdoors are underweight, sick, or injured by the time they are discovered or may develop disease after they enter a sheltered environment. This session will dive into the Shelter Medicine protocols developed for preventive health care, surgery, and response to disease that often differ from those used in private veterinary practice. Topics will include vaccination, spay/neuter, and infectious diseases including upper respiratory infection, FeLV, panleukopenia, and FIP.

    You won't want to miss any of the speakers in the Kitten Edition of Camp Maddie. Joining me from 12-4 pm ET will be Monica Tarant, Marnie Russ, and Tabitha Kucera presenting on upscaling community responses to kittens in need, National Kitten College and updates on caring for neonates, and kitten behavior and socialization. Check out the full lineup!

    Registration is now open and we hope to see you all there!


    #AdmissionsandIntake(includingIntake-to-placement)
    #AdoptionsandAdoptionPrograms
    #CommunityCatManagement
    #Conferences,WorkshopsandWebcasts
    #FosterPrograms
    #Medicine,SurgeryandSterilization

    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM, PhD
    Fran Marino Endowed Distinguished Professor of Shelter Medicine Education
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 2.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-05-2025 02:25 PM
      |   view attached

    Hello Friends,

    Here is the slide deck from my presentation yesterday.  Thanks to all who joined us! 

    I hope you enjoyed it! The recorded on-demand version will be available later this week for those who could not attend live.

    Have questions for the presenters of Camp Maddie's Kitten Edition? Join us for a live Q&A session with all of the speakers on Wednesday March 19, 2025, at12-2 pm ET/9-11 am PT.

    Best,

    -Dr. Julie Levy    =^..^=



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------

    Attachment(s)

    pdf
    Levy Camp Kitten.pdf   7.49 MB 1 version


  • 3.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-07-2025 11:49 AM

    Dr. Julie Levy's session from Camp Maddie Kitten is now available to watch on-demand!

    If you would like to earn continuing education credit, head over to Maddie’s University to watch the recording. Earn 1.0 CAWA CE from The Association for Animal Welfare Advancement, 1.0 NACA CE from the National Animal Care & Control Association (NACA), and 1 hour of RACE CE credit from the Registry of Approved Continuing Education: https://university.maddiesfund.org/products/camp-maddie-kitten-edition-medical-protocols-tailored-for-kitten-care-in-shelters-and-rescues



    ------------------------------
    Maddie's University
    Maddie's Fund
    ------------------------------



  • 4.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-18-2025 07:27 AM

    "There was a study (from Spain I think) talking about health consequences pediatric spay and neutering. Are you aware of this? Is there any medical contraindiction to pediatric spay and neutering in cats?" - Anonymous Attendee

    The Fix by Five task force of experts identified no contraindications to pediatric spay/neuter in cats. The topic is much more controversial in dogs.



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 5.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-19-2025 02:59 PM

    I am going to jump in on this discussion to say that while I agree there is broad consensus that there are no contraindications to pediatric S/N in cats, I strongly disagree that the topic is, or should be, controversial in dogs.

    There are a handful of deeply flawed studies that have purported to demonstrate correlation (CAUSATION has never been documented) between pediatric S/N and a number of health conditions (mostly cancer and orthopedic disease) in dogs. I say deeply flawed in that they are limited to purebred dog breeds already known to be at increased risk for these conditions, are based on skewed data from tertiary care facilities (referral hospitals/university vet schools) or owner surveys without medical records, and demonstrate (at most) a small (sometimes not even statistically significant) increase in risk. There are a number of other weaknesses and flawed methodology that I won't bore the group with unless requested. On the flip side, we know for sure that dogs that are not S/N are at high risk for a number of potentially fatal diseases such as pyometra, mammary carcinoma, prostate cancer/adenocarcinoma, dystocia, TVT, not to mention the associated behavioral problems that are common reasons for surrender to shelters. Also, while there are no studies that demonstrate increased risk of S/N in mixed breed dogs, there are a number of studies from multiple countries that find that S/N dogs are overall healthier and have longer lifespans than intact dogs.

    The other issues with these studies and the push to delay or eliminate routine S/N in dogs are the socioeconomic ones...when S/N is delayed until maturity, the costs for these procedures increase dramatically, particularly for large and giant breed dogs. I have seen quotes for >$2500 for routine S/N in large dogs...well out of reach of many owners. When these dogs develop pyometra or become pregnant and have complications such as dystocia, spay becomes an emergency procedure with quotes as high as $10-15,000+ for surgery and hospitalization. When these dogs develop behavior problems associated with reproductive hormones (roaming, marking, aggression, bleeding/house soiling during estrus, etc.) they are at risk of becoming lost/stray or surrendered to shelters by frustrated owners. 

    My shelter has seen a significant increase in intake of dogs that are intact, both stray and O/S. In 2019,  20% of O/S dogs and 50% of ADULT stray dogs were intact. In 2024, those numbers have jumped to 40% of O/S dogs and 70% of strays. When we offer FREE S/N to owners when they reclaim their stray dogs, they are increasingly declining S/N (even for adult dogs) because they have "heard that it is bad for them". There are real implications to this trend for shelters that are already full to bursting with large-breed dogs, many with behavioral barriers to adoption.

    While I respect an owner's right to make choices regarding S/N for their individual pet, I don't think most people actually understand the risk/benefit analysis. And we in the animal welfare/shelter world should consider these evolving recommendations and their implications for the work we do and the communities we serve carefully and thoughtfully.

    Sorry to co-opt a kitten conversation but this is a really important issue IMO :-)



    ------------------------------
    Rachel Powell DVM
    Director of Surgery
    Greenhill Humane Society
    Eugene, OR
    ------------------------------



  • 6.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 07:39 AM

    Thank you, Dr. Powell for such an informative post. As the Director for a rural animal shelter in the southeast, I definitely concur with the results of this "advice" that has become so prevalent. 



    ------------------------------
    Laura Clark
    Colleton County Animal Services
    SC
    ------------------------------



  • 7.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 08:01 AM

    Could you make this a separate thread/topic for discussion? It's such an important one. Your post is fabulous and this very subject came up at a board meeting last night. It was not on the agenda, but it's a hot topic!

    in our area strays cannot be released from the shelter without being spayed or neutered unless the owner pays a hefty intact fee. That has significantly reduced the number of intact animals going back home.. 



    ------------------------------
    JUDITH PEARSON
    President
    The Dixon Animal Protection Society
    NM
    ------------------------------



  • 8.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 01:51 PM

    Thank you, Judith! A new discussion thread has been started with some content added including links to position statements from major veterinary organizations that continue to endorse pediatric S/N.



    ------------------------------
    Rachel Powell DVM
    Director of Surgery
    Greenhill Humane Society
    Eugene, OR
    ------------------------------



  • 9.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 08:10 PM

    I totally agree with you Dr. Powell.  And it's been unfortunate that recent debate about spay/neuter surgery in dogs is casting a negative shadow  over surgery in  cats, especially among private practice vets.  There's no evidence for that, but the stigma they've heard about is being generalized far beyond the (faulty) studies in dogs.



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 10.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-18-2025 07:19 AM

    I hope to see you at our live Camp Maddie Kitten Q&A session today at 9am PT! Since we won't have time to get to all of your questions from the first session, I'll be posting answers to several questions from day 1. 

    "What are the best protocols for treating ringworm in different ages of kittens?" - Karen Haines

    The most effective treatment starts with lime sulfur dips, which can be started as early as 2-3 weeks of age. Spore shedding and environmental contamination ends earlier with lime sulfur than with other topical treatments. Topical treatment should be combined with oral medication such as itraconazole, terbinifine, or fluconazole. Check out the ringworm treatment guidebook at https://www.sheltermedicine.com/library/guidebooks/ringworm



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 11.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-18-2025 07:20 AM

    "Do we have euthanasia rate for kittens? How many die in care vs euthanasia?" - Isabelle Côté

    Natural death and euthanasia rates are highly variable depending on organizations policy and access to timely euthanasia. Died in care can range from 3% to 100% of kitten deaths.



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 12.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-18-2025 07:23 AM

    "How do you get a small community with ZERO budget to TNR and an unwillingness to TNR get on board. Currently a citizen has been live trapping and getting vetted on his own dimes-- thousands of dollars worth and then socializing them and adopting out-- free of charge and after "checking" if they are a credible adoptee! Some he has put in barn cat protocol because unable to socialize. Some farmers do NOT want tnr'd animals. They are not able to be RTH because the home is across the street from him abandoned and the house will be used as a burn training for the local firefighters-- yes they know that they need to inspect prior to setting on fire. He currently has 3 kittens he has vetted and 3 adults that are also vetted but he has not gotten adopted. NO RESCUES IN SITE, local DVM not willing to help nor give him a discount on what he is doing so he is transporting to a vet who will-- IDEAS??" - Anonymous Attendee

    When resources are scant, going all in on TNR/RTF will be the most cost-effective and efficient way to increase life-saving. Keeping poorly socialized cats to tame creates a substantial bottleneck in flow of cats to live outcomes, especially when adoption opportunities are low. Our experience with barn cat programs to place shy cats in outdoor homes after neutering are very successful. We have also been welcomed to TNR farm cats if we have a good trusting relationship with the farmer. If you have low capacity to help, go where help is welcomed rather than trying to convince skeptic that help is beneficial. Forming a group of cat lovers with the same goals of upscaling TNR can take the pressure off of one person. Then identifying veterinary services locally, or via road trip, or by inviting in a mobile clinic for periodic surgery days can be a good way to start and demonstrate the group's professionalism. National groups like Alley Cat Allies can help small groups get started as well.



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 13.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-18-2025 10:38 PM

    First, I'd like to ask how old is this man and is he single? That's absolutely remarkable what he's doing. We are a small rural New Mexico rescue and one of the fabulous things. Our community is willing to do is drive. When we transfer puppies out to Colorado I have over a dozen people willing to do the 2 1/2 hour drive to the transfer veterinarian. Is there a shelter or free clinic within about three hours of where you are? Is it possible to put together a posse that would be willing to drive a carload of cats once a month or whatever frequency you need or can put together? The idea of having a mobile vet set up for a weekend is brilliant. The only hitch might be the Katz have to be willing to be trapped that weekend. We are lucky here to have a shelter that offers free, spay neuter shots, microchip in the county and to the county north of us we have a free spay neuter clinic that offers the same. And they both work with us. But boy, we need more people like this gentleman who has the time and finances to deal with the problem.



    ------------------------------
    JUDITH PEARSON
    President
    The Dixon Animal Protection Society
    NM
    ------------------------------



  • 14.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-19-2025 07:43 AM

    Greetings,

    The city of Henderson, near Las Vegas, NV, for years banned TNR.  Arvie Bromley, founder of Henderson Cats, finally convinced the city TNR was crucial in the city with an overwhelming number of community cats.  The city agreed to a pilot program to run from 1 Jan-31 Dec 2025 to prove the necessity of the program.  Their org page is:  https://hendersoncats.org/   .  For more information their contact is:  info@hendersoncats.org. As of 7 March they had TNR'd 140 cats.  The city has not contributed any funding, so trapping is all volunteer.  However, they are able to get the cats spayed/neutered and vaccines, funded by The Animal Foundation (city shelter).  I recommend you check out their page and then contact them for more information.  I'm sure thry would be happy to provide you with the steps they took to get to this pilot program.



    ------------------------------
    Kathleen Weatherspoon
    Volunteer
    Community Cat Angels
    NV
    ------------------------------



  • 15.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-19-2025 09:14 AM

    Kathleen this is terrific that they were able to get that in place. And clearly the city shelter is critical to making it happen and that's what's missing in Julie Levy's situation. Without a shelter or clinic that offers TNR either free or low cost. It's very difficult. But I was thinking about grants. I know there are grants out there for these situations, and if a grant could be procured and offered to a local vet so that the vet isn't having to offer free spay/ neuters, taking up valuable time for paying clients and losing income,  to make it work could it work?



    ------------------------------
    JUDITH PEARSON
    President
    The Dixon Animal Protection Society
    NM
    ------------------------------



  • 16.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 07:38 AM

    Judith, yes, I believe if Julie Levy was able to 1.  get a grant for TNR services, it could work.  Assuming she could find a vet(s) willing to partner and accept grant monies to pay for spay/neuter and initial vaccines (preferably at a lower than their normal charges) and figure out a way to schedule in such a way that neither the vet(s) or the trapped cats are not negatively affected.  Having spoken to my personal pet vet about possibly accepting TNT cats funded by the shelter for TNR services, the  challenge for the vet(s) is scheduling.  (We are still trying to figure it out as my vet is not adverse to assisting.). They obviously want to fill their schedule with "guaranteed" appts.  As we are all aware, trapping is always an unknown.  They go out hoping for 5 and might only get two or they might get 10.   If the vet set aside 5 spots, then they are negatively affected if only 2 come in.  If the trapper gets more than they thought, then there are cats needing to be staged for longer than over night, awaiting an open appt slot with the vet.  Even with the clinic here, trappers have been turned away because more cats than that days capacity arrive on any given morning.  

    Grant money is a great idea.  If Julie can build a robust trapping team and create a non-profit org (more likely to obtain grant money if a licensed non profit) , a grant perhaps could be used to bring in a high volume traveling spay/neuter team with their organic resources for a day or two and TNR every cat the robust trapping team can bring in.  My suggestion to reach out to Henderson Cats May well provide Julie with ideas on how to create not only the non profit, but also a cohesive team of trappers.  Additionally, I believe the Henderson team goal is to show how important TNR is for their community and use the "pilot year" to do just that, and provide the city with enough data to justify advocating for city budgeted monies to keep and expand the program.



    ------------------------------
    Kathleen Weatherspoon
    Volunteer
    Community Cat Angels
    NV
    ------------------------------



  • 17.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-21-2025 11:23 AM

    You might want to propose an optional system of flex appointments.  You bring in 5 cats in traps but you schedule 2 slots.  
    then the clinic can flex in the other surgeries when people cancel or no show.  The clinic would need to have a small designated space to keep the cats in traps.  Here is a link to video that shows a private clinic TNR space:  https://youtu.be/COSZix48rwc?feature=shared



    ------------------------------
    Stacy LeBaron
    Head Cat
    The Community Cats Podcast
    Warren VT
    978-239-2090
    ------------------------------



  • 18.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-18-2025 07:28 AM

    "Does the $150 cover the spay/neuter?" - Debra Eldredge

    Yes, in Operation Catnip the estimated average cost for the Kitten Shelter Diversion medical care support program, including vaccines, parasite control, and spay/neuter was $150/kitten last year.



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 19.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-18-2025 07:30 AM

    "$150 per kitten seems low. Does that include the daily supplies?  Formula for one week old kitten can run up to $80." - Rosalie Hathcock

    No, this is only for medical care unless the caregiver needs help with those costs. Most of the kittens the public finds and brings to the KSD program are not bottle babies and often have their mothers with them if they are still nursing.



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 20.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-18-2025 07:31 AM

    "How do you plan for the inevitable emergency vet care?" - Rosalie Hathcock

    It's important to have a policy in place for decision making after hours and agreements in place with providers. These may include who can bring the kittens for care, caps on costs, or limitations on types of care provided. Agreements should also define euthanasia decision making. 



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 21.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-18-2025 07:34 AM

    "What orphans kittens? Is there a minimal weight under which it is not worth try to save them?" - Anonymous Attendee

    With the right well-trained foster homes, kittens can be raised right from the time of birth. I'd recommend trying to get them onto a lactating queen if possible or even just a friendly adult cat that will help keep them clean and warm. Kittens < 85 gm may be premature and have a lower chance of survival, so I would inspect those for other signs of prematurity such as scant hair growth on extremities. The Kitten College program is a very good one to help assess what your foster homes are comfortable with and to help grow the confidence of some who would like to take on more intensive care kittens.



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 22.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-18-2025 07:37 AM

    "You let fosters take more than one litter? What about bio security?" - Charity Schwank

    In general I recommend against having more than one litter at a time in foster homes for the reason you mention. Neonates are very vulnerable to infectious diseases and sepsis, so minimizing any contact with animals of unknown background is great policy. However, sometimes there may be reasons to make an exception. For example, if two litters have been quarantined in separate homes for 2 weeks or more, it is less risky (but not no risk) to consolidate them into a single home later. Or multiple litters that came from the same source, such as a hoarding case, farm, or shelter group housing, may not have much increased risk when keeping them together. Sometimes when we've investigated foster homes with unexpected results, we've found they are fostering for multiple organizations or adding kittens they found to the ones they are fostering for us. That's a recipe for catastrophe. In general though, kittens kept as single litters tend to he healthier, easier to care for, and stronger and better socialized in the long run.



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 23.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-18-2025 07:41 AM

    "We switched from toltrazuril to ponazuril but are still having a problem with coccidia still showing up. Located in tennessee" - Emilee Johnson

    A lot depends on how the kittens are kept (e.g. in separate foster homes vs group housed or in the shelter), stress levels and co-infections, sanitation, and the treatment dose and timing. All medications are coccidiostatic, so a functional immune system is required to eliminate coccidia. Also, cats can recover clinically and still have coccidia, so trying to completely eliminate it may not be necessary. You can find numerous FAQs on coccidia management at https://www.sheltermedicine.com/library?searchValue=ponazuril&searchPage=1&searchFilters=&perPage=12&postType=post%2Cresource&sortBy=relevance



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 24.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 12:25 PM

    "We have had several instances of our youngest kittens receiving adverse reactions to the Vanguard FVRCP MLV (ie: limping, fever, lethargy, etc...) so we have opted to use TruFel Ultra HC2P Hybrid Vaccine, Modified Live and Killed Virus when the kittens are 6 weeks or less.  After 6 weeks of age we switch to the Vanguard.  All of our young kittens (less than 8 weeks of age) are in foster homes. Is this acceptable?" - @Amy Berke

    Yes that is an acceptable protocol. The FPV component is modified live, which is important for faster response. Check to see if your vaccine contains chlamidophila/chlamydia since that is not a core component and is most likely to be associated with fever and injection site tenderness.



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 25.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 12:27 PM

    "How can rescue groups get ahold of ponazuril or Marquis paste for dilution without a prescription? We've found it invaluable for helping kittens avoid coccidia but met resistance from some past veterinary partners on using it as a prophylactic. Any advice?" - Alex Holladay 

    You should have a veterinarian develop a protocol for routine parasite treatment. Then they can train your team to carry it out. Drug selection, storage, handling, and administration timelines are all very important to assure good responses.  You will need to have a Veterinarian of Record relationship in order to purchase medical supplies of good quality and pricing. I recommend that you and your veterinarian attend the free 1-hour course at https://sheltersunited.com/vor/ and then look into the group purchasing program at https://sheltersunited.com/.



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 26.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 12:29 PM

    "If Rabies are limited to give by DVM only by state VPA laws or directed by DVMs to Licensed Veterinary Technicians to give Rabies how does that coincide with this 'any shelter trained can give'? If no DVM on site?" - Nanette Walker Smith

    The example given was for a new law in Florida that allows trained staff at municipal animal shelters to adiminister rabies vaccines under indirect supervision of a veterinarian. Statute 828.30 states: "Acting under the indirect supervision of a veterinarian, an employee, an agent, or a contractor of a county or municipal animal control authority or sheriff may vaccinate against rabies dogs, cats, and ferrets in the custody of an animal control authority or a sheriff that will be transferred, rescued, fostered, adopted, or reclaimed by the owner. The supervising veterinarian assumes responsibility for any person vaccinating animals at his or her direction or under his or her direct or indirect supervision. As used in this paragraph, the term "indirect supervision" means that the supervising veterinarian is required to be available for consultation through telecommunications but is not required to be physically present during such consultation."



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 27.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 12:30 PM

    "My shelter has been discussing a protocol from a large organization who are suggesting vaccinating before 4 weeks old - as young as neonate. I personally don't agree with this and am wondering what Dr. Levy's thoughts are on this recommendation." - @Michele Lago

    This recommendation was developed by shelter medicine experts for use in shelters with high risk of fatal diseases and where puppies and kittens are kept in the facility. There are already some shelters doing this with anecdotally good results and lack of adverse outcomes. There will be more discussion of this early vaccination intervention at the Animal Care Expo in Las Vegas next month. Obviously, it's better to keep neonates out of the shelter entirely, but in some locations, the risks of distemper, parvo, and panleukopenia are so high that neonatal vaccination is warranted. It wouldn't be necessary to vaccinate below 4 weeks if those diseases are rarely encountered or if neonates are not kept in the shelter.



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 28.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 12:32 PM

    "Several fosters have asked me to prescribe antibiotics (Clavamox) for diarrhea in kittens because the private practice vets they are taking them to, will do it.  I have refused to this due to the concern for antibiotic resistance and causing harm to these young kittens.  How would you respond to these groups when they argue the kittens get better with the antibiotics?" - @Valerie Moser 

    Clavamox wouldn't be a first choice for diarrhea, and in fact, diarrhea is a common side effect of clavamox. There are some shelters that issue a single dose of penicillin for diarrhea and feel like it helps, but I haven't seen and studies to prove it. Diarrhea is a common problem in kittens, but it's likely to be related to viruses (nonresponsive to antibiotics) more than bacteria. If diarrhea is a common problem in kittens that are past weaning and onto solid kitten food, it can be worth doing more extensive studies into the cause via fecal PCR panels. Probiotics, highly digestible food made for kittens, and even fecal transplantation could help. Most kittens will recover spontaneously if husbandry is good and litters are not mixed.



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 29.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 12:33 PM

    "What are other shelter/rescues' thoughts on giving a penicillin injection to neonates at intake?" - @Liz Gonzalez

    While there are no scientific reports that I am aware of, several shelter veterinarians have reported anecdotally about reduced incidence of neonatal sepsis and fading kitten syndrome when this is employed. Since the spectrum of penicillin covers strep and staph, which have been implicated in neonatal kitten sepsis, there is some rationale why it might be effective. It's unlikely that a single dose of penicillin would increase the risk of antibiotic resistance. We should be cautious about relying on clinical impressions though, because controlled data often prove these to be wrong.



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 30.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 12:34 PM

    "Is there any chance of advocating for training volunteers/non-medical professionals to be trained/certified to perform neuters on male cats? Our wait for friendly low cost spay/neuter over the past couple of years is between 1 and 4 months long, which is a huge issue." - @Astrid Fingerhut 

    That's going to be controlled at the state veterinary practice act level, and state boards have little appetite for that. Also, while the surgery is simple, the anesthesia is not and controlled drugs are required. Is there any way you could pull together enough cats needing surgery to host mobile cinics to come in or to have a visiting medical team borrow clinic space on day when it is closed to do catch-up clinics?



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 31.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 01:29 PM

    Thank you for your thoughtful reply--I knew it was a real long shot, it just feels overwhelming sometimes. Thank you for the wonderful presentation--even for very small-time people like me, it was very helpful information and gives me hope for taking on the tsunami of kittens on the way! 



    ------------------------------
    Astrid Fingerhut
    volunteer
    Cats in Action
    IL
    ------------------------------



  • 32.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 12:35 PM

    "What about queen killing their kittens? Can it be sometime be considered ''normal'' (too sick or disabled kittens)?" - Anonymous Attendee

    This is within the repertoir of normal queen behavior. Sometimes they are culling weak kittens, sometimes they are inexperienced queens, or sometimes they simply murder their kittens one by one.



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 33.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 12:36 PM

    "Doxycycline is okay to use on neonatal kittens or those that are older?" - @Kara Yancey

    We've used doxycycline in neonates without observable bone or tooth issues later in life. That is not the case with tetracycline, which can damage these structures.



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 34.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 12:37 PM

    "We have cats who came in from a hoarder situation several months ago and they are still sneezing and snotting everywhere. We have tried several antibiotics but while they got a little better they are still nasty. Would a PCR help?" - @Kim Adams

    It's definitely time for PCR panels and bacterial cultures. We've seen respiratory Strep zoo and high rates of calicivirus in hoarded cats. They also have higher rates of nasopharyngeal polyps or destruction of nasal turbinates that may cause chronic nasal discharge. 



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 35.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 12:39 PM

    "Would you use doxycycline for neonatal kittens as well? we've been using azithromycin for kittens under 6 months." - @Andrea Kroeger

    Our first choice is doxycycline because of its activity against several common bacterial causes of URI in cats. The Koret Shelter Medicine Program ay UC Davis has a great protocol for preventing and treating URI at https://www.sheltermedicine.com/library/resources/feline-upper-respiratory-infection-aka-uri



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 36.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 12:44 PM

    "Our veterinarian is from private practice. She is very cautious about giving antibiotics to kittens, so we have a new protocol that does not involve antibiotics right away. We only give antibiotics once the discharge turns yellow/green. I have seen some cats very sick before they get the antibiotics. Most kittens go to foster, so they tend to clear the virus better, but then if the kittens end up needing antibiotics it then requires more staff time and foster time. Is it more effective to just go straight to antibiotics when seeing URI symptoms? Is there a higher risk of harm to kittens receiving antibiotics (damage to gut biome, etc)? What is the best way to balance the various risks and time constraints?" - @Michelle Flowers (She/Her)

    This is a hot topic of discussion because frequent use of antibiotics has caused resistant strains of bacteria to develop in shelters. On the other hand, earlier use of doxycycline is anecdotally reported to shorten illness time and decrease disease severity. However, prevention is far more effective, so high levels of URI should be investigated. There is an excellent guidebook at https://www.sheltermedicine.com/library/resources/feline-upper-respiratory-infection-aka-uri



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 37.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 01:12 PM

    Thank you for answering! We are definitely trying to reduce the ill effects of antibiotics on kittens and we have been honing our protocols. Our rescue often receives groups of cats that show up already sick - especially when taken from certain locations or other shelters that are over capacity for medical care. We often get whole transports of cats that are already breaking with URI before they arrive. I have noticed that a more cautious approach to URI treatment takes a lot more staff time and resources, a lot more back and forth for the foster homes, extra trips, communication, etc.  So yes, fewer cats may end up on antibiotics overall, but some end up on them anyway, and it takes much longer to clear URI's leading to longer lengths of stay and more burden on staff. So I was just curious what the best way to balance long-term health of cats/kittens as well as staff capacity for care, length of stay, etc.



    ------------------------------
    Michelle Flowers
    Foster Program Manager
    Seattle Area Feline Rescue
    UW-AAB
    ------------------------------



  • 38.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 12:46 PM

    "How do you reduce risk of FCoV spread in foster homes? We currently ask fosters to not allow kittens to share water/food/litter with resident cats until age 16 weeks. Does delaying possible exposure to FCoV until after age 16w really reduce risk of FIP?" - Anonymous Attendee

    If the resident cats are indoors only, they are less likely to be a source of FCoV. Reducing stress, keeping out of the shelter, and keeping only one litter at a time is important. I would not hold healthy kittens longer than 8 weeks of age before placing them for adoption to get them our of the system as fast as possible.



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 39.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 12:47 PM

    "Does the dog vaccine works in cats?" - Anonymous Attendee

    I'm not sure which dog vaccine you are referring to, but no, it does not work in cats.



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 40.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 12:48 PM

    "In regards to FIV/FeLV testing, what are the recomendations when it comes to kittens under 6 months old? The shelter I work at has 3 kittens that tested positive for FIV at 8 wks old and positive again at 12 wks old, 2 from the litter were negative. I've been reading up on this and most recomendations advise against testing before 6 months due to the mothers antibodies. How likely is it that these kittens are false positives?" - Anonymous Attendee

    FIV testing before 6 months can be considered a waste of resources because so few kittens are actually infected. Of those that do test positive for FIV antibodies, most just have colostral antibodies from their infected (or FIV-vaccinated in some countries) mothers. A positive test in a kitten does indicate it was exposed to FIV though (its mother), so the risk of actual infection is a little higher than in a kitten testing negative for antibodies. Most uninfected kittens will lose those antibodies by 20 weeks of age, at which time they can be considered uninfected. If still strongly positive at the time they are likely infected.



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------



  • 41.  RE: Medical Protocols Tailored for Kitten Care in Shelters and Rescues (Camp Maddie: Kitten Edition)

    Posted 03-20-2025 12:49 PM

    "FIP - our family has one. Make sure it is the actual med and not something back door. We are seeing a distinct difference on effective using the actual meds in the compounded by licensed pharmacies in the US and much less success or repeated dosing needed (have several on 3rd round) of the cheaper versions. Legit version cost was $1500/3mon dosing; DVM eval recheck and calculate dosage esp if kitten growing.  Non legit is cheaper from out of country $500 but see repeat FIP +" - Nanette Walker Smith 

    I agree that now that we have legitimate compounding pharmacies making GS available for prescription, that is preferred. Previous studies of the unregulated imports have shown marked variation from label concentration and even composition in same cases.



    ------------------------------
    Julie Levy, DVM
    Shelter Medicine Program at the University of Florida
    Maddie's Million Pet Challenge
    https://sheltermedicine.vetmed.ufl.edu
    ------------------------------